Aliphatic chain compounds include aliphatic compounds and chain compounds containing other elements or groups. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with the basic properties of aliphatic compounds. In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms are arranged in straight chain, branched chain or cyclic, which are respectively called straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Some cyclic hydrocarbons are different in nature from aromatic hydrocarbons, and are very similar to aliphatic hydrocarbons. Such cyclic hydrocarbons are called alicyclic hydrocarbons. In this way, aliphatic hydrocarbons become a general term for all hydrocarbons except aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (including halogenated hydrocarbons) and alicyclic hydrocarbons and their derivatives are collectively referred to as aliphatic compounds.
A catalyst refers to a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without changing the overall standard Gibbs free energy change of the reaction. Ligands represent atoms, molecules, and ions that can bond with a central atom (metal or metalloid). In general, ligands will donate at least one electron when participating in a bond. Two-phase catalysis of catalysts and ligands is the first application in the field of fluorine chemistry. The method of self-fluorine two-phase catalysis has developed rapidly, and a large number of new fluorine-based catalysts and ligands (especially phosphines) have been obtained in the field of chemistry.
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